Culinary Knowledge Base (26 Tested Swaps)

Vegan Substitutes Encyclopedia

The complete guide to swapping any animal-derived ingredient for a plant-based alternative. Includes conversion ratios, cooking techniques, and chef notes.

All Culinary Plant Substitutes

Replace Pork Bacon Strips

Smoked Maple Marinated Tempeh Strips (Tempeh Bacon)

protein, texture, flavour
Ratio: 2-3 thin slices fermented tempeh marinated in tamari, liquid smoke, smoked paprika, maple syrup, and olive oil (1:1 portion ratio) per 2 strips pork bacon

Pan-fry in a cast-iron skillet with 1 tsp oil over medium heat for 3 minutes per side until deeply browned.

Replace Butter

Refined Coconut Oil

fat, moisture
Ratio: 1 cup refined coconut oil (solid or melted) per 1 cup dairy butter (Add a pinch of salt if replacing salted butter)

Keep solid in the fridge before cutting into flour for pie crusts.

Replace Dairy Buttermilk

Curdled Soy Milk + Apple Cider Vinegar

leavening, moisture, flavour
Ratio: 1 cup unsweetened soy milk + 1 tbsp apple cider vinegar or lemon juice per 1 cup dairy buttermilk (240ml) (Stir together and let rest 5-10 minutes until curdled and thick)

The acid in the vinegar reacts with baking soda in your batter to create carbon dioxide gas bubbles, resulting in a significantly lighter and fluffier rise than plain plant milk alone.

Replace Sweetened Condensed Milk

Sweetened Coconut Condensed Milk

sweetener, texture, fat
Ratio: 1 can (320g) sweetened condensed coconut milk or oat condensed milk (1:1 ratio) per 1 can (396g) sweetened condensed dairy milk

Can be simmered gently on low heat with vegan butter to make golden dairy-free dulce de leche caramel.

Replace Dairy Cream Cheese

Cultured Cashew Cream Cheese

fat, texture, flavour
Ratio: 1 cup soaked raw cashews blended with lemon juice, apple cider vinegar, and probiotic culture (1:1 ratio) per 1 cup dairy cream cheese (225g) (Soak 1 cup raw cashews in boiling water for 20 mins, then blend with 2 tbsp lemon juice, 1 tbsp nutritional yeast, and 1/4 tsp sea salt.)

For a true artisanal cultured tang, empty a probiotic capsule into the blended cashew mixture and let ferment on the counter for 24 hours.

Replace Dairy Milk

Oat Milk

moisture, flavour, fat
Ratio: 1 cup oat milk per 1 cup dairy milk (1:1 direct replacement in any recipe)

Barista blends contain a small amount of oil to prevent curdling in hot acidic coffee.

Replace Dairy Milk

Unsweetened Soy Milk

protein, moisture, emulsifier
Ratio: 1 cup unsweetened soy milk per 1 cup dairy milk (1:1 direct match for cooking, baking, and drinking)

High protein and lecithin content make it curd-resistant in high heat cooking.

Replace Egg Whites

Aquafaba (Chickpea Brine)

whipping, leavening, binding, emulsifier
Ratio: 2 tbsp (for white) or 3 tbsp (for whole egg) aquafaba per 1 egg white (or 1 whole egg) (Whip with cream of tartar for stiff peaks)

Add 1/8 tsp cream of tartar per 3 tbsp aquafaba to stabilize the foam.

Replace Eggs

Flax Egg

binding, moisture
Ratio: 1 tbsp ground flaxseed + 3 tbsp warm water per 1 whole egg (Whisk and rest 5 minutes until gelatinous)

Always use ground flaxseed (not whole seeds) so mucilage fibers activate with water.

Replace Scrambled Eggs

Tofu Scramble

protein, texture
Ratio: 150g firm tofu (crumbled) per 2 chicken eggs (Season with turmeric for colour and kala namak (black salt) for eggy aroma)

Sauté in olive oil with nutritional yeast, garlic powder, turmeric, and black salt.

Replace Fish Sauce (Nam Pla / Nuoc Mam)

Tamari & Kelp/Shiitake Mushroom Umami Broth

flavour
Ratio: 1 tbsp tamari / dark soy sauce + 1/2 tsp dried wakame/kelp flakes or concentrated shiitake reduction (1:1 ratio) per 1 tbsp fish sauce

Simmering 1 sheet of kombu (dried kelp) and 2 dried shiitake mushrooms in 1 cup soy sauce creates a restaurant-quality vegan fish sauce that keeps for months.

Replace Gelatin

Agar-Agar Powder

gelling, thickening
Ratio: 1/2 to 1 tsp agar-agar powder per 1 tsp gelatin powder (Agar is stronger than gelatin; must be boiled to activate)

Must be simmered for 2 minutes to fully dissolve and activate gelling properties.

Replace Ghee

Virgin Coconut Oil & Vegan Butter

fat, flavour
Ratio: 1 tbsp refined coconut oil or vegan block butter per 1 tbsp dairy ghee (1:1 volume swap for tadka, frying, or baking)

For classic North Indian gravies and dal tadka, heat refined coconut oil or cold-pressed mustard oil until shimmering before blooming your cumin, hing (asafoetida), and whole red chilies.

Replace Heavy Cream

Canned Coconut Cream

fat, moisture, whipping
Ratio: 1 cup chilled canned coconut cream per 1 cup heavy whipping cream (1:1 replacement in soups, curries, and whipped cream)

Chill can for 12 hours so the solid cream separates from coconut water.

Replace Honey

Agave Syrup

sweetener, glazing
Ratio: 1 tbsp agave syrup per 1 tbsp honey (1:1 direct swap by volume)

Dissolves instantly in cold liquids unlike cold honey.

Replace Honey

Pure Maple Syrup

sweetener, moisture, glazing
Ratio: 3/4 cup maple syrup per 1 cup honey (Reduce other liquids in baking by 2 tablespoons)

In baking, maple syrup caramelizes slightly faster than honey, so watch oven temperatures.

Replace Honey

Brown Rice Syrup

sweetener, binding
Ratio: 1 1/4 cup brown rice syrup per 1 cup honey (Less sweet than honey, so use slightly more)

Ideal for holding granola bars together without falling apart.

Replace Lard (Pork Fat)

Refined Coconut Oil

fat
Ratio: 1 cup solid refined coconut oil per 1 cup lard (1:1 direct swap for shortening and frying)

Whip slightly before adding to masa for fluffy vegan tamales.

Replace Egg-Based Mayonnaise

Whipped Aquafaba Mayonnaise

emulsifier, fat, texture
Ratio: 1 cup homemade or store-bought aquafaba mayonnaise (1:1 ratio) per 1 cup dairy/egg mayonnaise (Blend 3 tbsp chickpea water (aquafaba) with 1 tsp Dijon mustard, 1 tbsp lemon juice/vinegar, and slowly stream in 3/4 cup neutral oil.)

Use an immersion blender (stick blender) for foolproof emulsification in under 60 seconds.

Replace Ground Beef / Minced Meat

Simmered Brown Lentils with Crushed Toasted Walnuts & Mushrooms

protein, texture, flavour
Ratio: 1.5 cups cooked brown lentils + 1/2 cup finely chopped toasted walnuts + 1 cup minced mushrooms (1:1 weight equivalent) per 1 lb (450g) ground beef or mince

Pulse walnuts and mushrooms in a food processor until finely minced, sauté with onions and garlic, then fold in cooked lentils and tomato paste.

Replace Paneer

Firm Pressed Tofu

protein, texture
Ratio: 100g firm or extra-firm pressed tofu per 100g dairy paneer (1:1 weight substitution. Press for 15-20 minutes before marinating or frying)

For the most authentic paneer mouthfeel, press extra-firm tofu for 15 minutes, toss lightly with cornstarch, turmeric, and pinch of salt, then shallow fry until edges turn golden before dropping into curry.

Replace Grated Parmesan Cheese (Parmigiano-Reggiano)

Artisanal Cashew & Nutritional Yeast Parmesan Shake

flavour, protein, fat
Ratio: 3/4 cup raw cashews + 3 tbsp nutritional yeast + 3/4 tsp fine sea salt + 1/4 tsp garlic powder (1:1 sprinkle ratio) per 1 cup grated parmesan cheese

Pulse cashews, yeast, garlic, and salt in a dry food processor for 10-15 seconds until finely ground. Store in a shaker jar in the fridge for up to 2 months.

Replace Parmesan Cheese

Nutritional Yeast

flavour, protein
Ratio: 1 tbsp nutritional yeast per 1 tbsp grated parmesan (Can blend with raw cashews, garlic powder, and salt for grated texture)

Blend 1/2 cup nutritional yeast with 1/2 cup raw cashews and 1/2 tsp sea salt for instant vegan parmesan shaker.

Replace Dairy Ricotta Cheese

Herb & Garlic Tofu Ricotta

protein, texture, fat
Ratio: 1 block firm tofu (crumbled) + 2 tbsp nutritional yeast + 1 tbsp olive oil + 1 tbsp lemon juice + 1/2 tsp garlic powder + 1/2 tsp salt (1:1 ratio) per 1 cup dairy ricotta cheese (250g)

Mash with a fork for a rustic curd texture or pulse twice in a food processor for ultra-smooth cannoli filling.

Replace Dairy Sour Cream

Blended Silken Tofu with Lemon Juice & Apple Cider Vinegar

fat, flavour, texture
Ratio: 1/2 cup organic silken tofu + 1 tbsp fresh lemon juice + 1/2 tsp apple cider vinegar + pinch of salt (1:1 ratio) per 1/2 cup dairy sour cream (120g)

Blend in a small blender cup for 30 seconds until completely aerated and glossy.

Replace Traditional Worcestershire Sauce (With Anchovies)

Soy Sauce, Apple Cider Vinegar, Tamarind & Molasses Blend

flavour
Ratio: 1 tbsp tamari/soy sauce + 1 tsp apple cider vinegar + 1/2 tsp dark maple syrup or blackstrap molasses + pinch ground allspice (1:1 ratio) per 1 tbsp Worcestershire sauce

Whisk ingredients together in a ramekin right before adding to recipes.

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